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Careers in Agricultural Engineering

Agriculture is the most important sector in the Indian economy which contributes around 23% to the Gross Domestic products and more than 70% of the total work force is employed in this sector. Almost all rural India is dependent on agriculture and allied activities like animal husbandry, diary, poultry and fisheries. Being primarily an agricultural country the growth and development of Indian economy particularly depend upon steady growth of agriculture and other allied activities. The task of an agricultural engineer is to improve agricultural production by means of better engineering methods, inventions, technology and equipment which also require a good intellect and a desire to make a difference to the future of farming. Improvement in agricultural farm machinery, farm structures, rural electrification, bio-gas, new technologies in the design and manufacture of agricultural products and also conservation of soil and water are some of the jobs handled by an agricultural engineer.

Course Details
The basic eligibility criteria for a candidate aspiring to do a BE in Agricultural Engineering is 10+2, with Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics and preferably Biology. To become a qualified Agricultural Engineer one must have a graduate degree (B.E / B.Tech) or at least a diploma in Agricultural Engineering. BE / B.Tech Agriculture courses are of 4 years' duration while the diploma courses are of 2-3 years' duration. Selection to all Agricultural Engineering courses is on the basis of joint entrance exam (JEE) for the IIT's and separate state level and national level exams for other institutions. After completion of BE/B.Tech one can pursue M.Tech in Agriculture which includes study like crop process engineering, firm machinery and power, soil and water conservation etc. A Ph.D. degree of three years is also offered at IIT kharagpur, and Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi.

Career Prospects
Agricultural Engineers have bright career prospects. Upon graduating or post-graduating in Agriculture and allied sciences, the options and opportunities of a career are many. State Department of Agriculture recruits Agricultural Engineers as agricultural officers for the development of agriculture in a district. There are also private firms investing money in medicinal crops and plantation crops who generally recruit agricultural engineers. Some agricultural engineers can look towards NGOs working in rural areas. Those interested in research activities can join IARI as junior fellow researcher and become agricultural scientists. Now banks giving advance credit and loans to agriculture and agri-based projects are also employing agriculture experts for evaluation of crops. Teaching agriculture and allied subjects is also an option available to these students. Moreover some down to earth agricultural engineer can also engage them in innovative farming.

Institutes Offering
There are many agriculture specific institutions in India that offer BE/B.Tech in agriculture like Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Bapatla (Andhra Pradesh); Allahabad Agricultural Institute, Allahabad (Uttar Pradesh) ;Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara (Kerala), College Of Technology, Pantnagar (Uttar Pradesh). Besides many Colleges Of Agricultural Engineering & Technology [Akola (Maharashtra), Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh), Bhubaneswar (Orissa), Hisar (Haryana),Tavanur (Kerala) and Junagarh (Gujarat)] are also offering B.Tech and M.Tech courses in Agriculture. Besides these there are many Agricultural Engineering Collages specialised in Agriculture Engineering located in Jabalpur, Ludhiana, Parbhani (Maharashtra), Raichur and Samastipur.

Remuneration
The basic pay scale in government institutions for agricultural engineer is Rs 10000 to Rs 20000 depending upon seniority. Agricultural engineers in private sector may get better salary form Rs 20000 to Rs 35000. Those who are working with NGOs are also earning good amount. Besides those who opt to open their own farm is also earning good returns depending upon the size of farm and crops grown.

How to Start a Simple Online Job

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Career Planning Test - Effective Tool For Career Direction

 

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Choosing a career can a very hard thing to do especially when you are surrounded with a lot of choices. You might have an interest for one endeavor in life but then you also want to go for another. This is a serious decision that you must ask yourself for a lot of times because it will determine your future and what you will do after you finish your education. You can start planning your life and narrow your options when it comes to your career by taking a career planning test.
Choosing a career can be easier for you if you use a tool such as career placement test. You can avail this kind of test from different schools, books that you can purchase from stores and even through the internet. You will need to answer set of questions and after that you will be able to determine what kind of field wherein you excel. You will be able to find out the type of career that suits your personality, your knowledge and most especially your skills.
The types of career search test can vary. There are exams which just ask simple multiple choice questions that will rate your intelligence on specific areas. There are also other kinds which will include essay type of questions that you have to answer briefly. You will have to answer questions from different categories and at the end of the test, once you get your result, you will be able to see where you are good at and what your weaknesses are. It will be a good basis once you make your decision as to what career to take in life.
These kinds of tests specifically evaluate your skills when it comes to areas like communication, computers and technology, math, science, art, and a lot more. If you got a good score in the field of communication, then you might want to consider taking courses related to it. You will also determine what working areas you are good at. If the answers show that you want to work alone, then try to consider job listings which have this kind of qualification. You will also determine if you have good leadership and management skills through this career planning test.
Getting this kind of test will give you direction and enlighten your mind when it comes to your choices. It would be the best tool that will help you if it is your first time to look for a career. It can also help you when you want to have a change in your career and still you do not know where to go. Moreover, it can also aid in your decision when you want to get a course in college. It can be very difficult especially when there are a lot of courses to choose from. By knowing your strengths through the test, you will have a good direction in your career.
This is a great tool that you can use once you are not sure of what career to choose in life. It will be your sole decision and use the result in your career placement test as the best guide.

Career search test is an effective exam that you can use as a tool in giving you guidance and direction when it comes to choosing what to do in life. It will evaluate your strengths and weaknesses for certain areas. Learn more about it at http://career-placement-test.com/

Career in Agriculture

India is one of the leading agricultural countries in the world. Agriculture plays an important role in driving the state of Indian economy.

The impact of agriculture is not only on the production of food grains, vegetables and fruits, but on so many agriculture dependent industries which get their raw material from agriculture sector.

In recent years, the state of agriculture has improved a lot and it has started using state of art farming methodology, genetically improved seeds and cross bred varieties for high yield.

Indian Agricultural sector plays a crucial role in the economic development of the country. It contributes 29.4% of GDP. It employs about 64% of the work force. 

Over the years significant strides have been made in agricultural production towards ensuring food security. Agricultural Research and Education is being undertaken by agricultural universities, institutions and Postgraduate colleges for agricultural education and veterinary science.

Agriculture is the mainstay of our economy. It provides food to millions and raw material for our industries. India also has enormous potential as an exporter of agricultural commodities.

The variety of climatic types and natural conditions offer a conducive environment for the cultivation of a large variety of agricultural produce.

Work in agricultural sectors ranges from the totally academic pursuits of research and teaching to inspection and other supervisory work to commercial activities of establishing farms, plantations, orchards and carrying on exports of produce from them.

Agriculture is no longer practised by rule of thumb, instead it has become highly scientific, sophisticated and mechanised and consequently, very profitable too.

Horticulture, dairying and poultry farming are allied agricultural activities that have become economically viable opportunities today.

The impact of agriculture is not only on the production of food grains, vegetables and fruits, but on so many agriculture dependent industries which get their raw material from agriculture sector.

Courses / Training in Agriculture :

Graduate and Postgraduate Level Courses : Basic training in agriculture is offered as a Bachelor's degree course of three to four years duration at all the agricultural universities in the country.

For graduate level courses candidate can take admission directly at any state agricultural university. For this eligibility criterion is 12th pass in science / agriculture.

Many universities fix a minimum aggregate of 50% marks to be obtained in the qualifying examination, although admission is given on the basis of merit / performance in entrance exam (exam is conducted by the concerned university) and for admission in Master Degree courses for different subjects, eligibility criteria is Bachelor degree in science / agriculture on the basis of merit / entrance exam.

Notifications of the courses at various places appear from January onwards, while the sessions usually start front July or September. But Indian Council of Agricultural Research Conduct the entrance examination separately for graduate and postgraduate courses each year in the month of April / May for which eligibility criteria is 12th pass in science / agriculture with 50% marks for Graduate level courses and for postgraduate level courses eligibility requirement is B.Sc / B.Sc (Ag) with 60% marks.

Indian Council of Agricultural Research provide the fellowship for all the student of postgraduate courses and for those student who got Junior Research Fellowship during the entrance exam of postgraduate level.

More than 40 colleges offer the B.Sc (Ag.) / B.Tech. Course, as also the Post graduate level courses are M.Sc / M.Tech degree in different discipline like agronomy, soil science, horticulture, plant physiology, agricultural economics, agricultural statistics, agricultural chemistry, animal husbandry and dairy.

Plant genetics & Breeding, Animal Genetics & Breeding, farming system management and agricultural marketing management. Also there are around 20 institutions offering BE Agricultural Engineering Courses etc.

Doctoral Degree :

All the agricultural universities provide Ph.D degree in different discipline.

Also deemed universities of ICAR namely Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal and Central Institute on Fisheries Education, Mumbai, each year conduct entrance examination separately for Ph.D degree in different discipline of Plant sciences, Veterinary sciences, Animal sciences and Fisheries sciences respectively for this degree eligibility criteria is master degree in respective subject with 60% marks.

ICAR provide the fellowship to all Ph.D student for a period of three years.

Nature of Work :

Major career areas in the field of agriculture are : Agricultural Research, Agri - Business, Agro Industry, Agricultural Education, Agricultural Journalism, Services in Agriculture, Banking, Farming, Conservation, Agricultural Engineering, Management, Sericulture.

Today, farming is high tech, big business, and most careers in agriculture are actually either business or science related. Only a small percentage of those employed - within the agricultural industry are employed in "traditional" farming occupations.

To be specific, out of the 22 million people who directly work within the agricultural industry only 2 million are actively involved in "farming" on a daily basis (Bureau of Labor Statistics).

The vast majority work as either food / agricultural scientists or in business related careers, such as marketing and merchandising.

A career in the science side of agriculture may be for you if you enjoy doing experiments and analyzing the results. Agricultural scientists study farm crops and animals, in an effort to improve both production methods and food quality.

In their research, agricultural scientists draw from a wide variety of scientific disciplines such as biology, chemistry, phvsics, and mathematics. In recent years, technology has had an enormous impact on the field.

Advances in biotechnology have allowed agricultural scientists to manipulate the genetic make - up of plants and animals, which has created research opportunities in many areas of the agriculture and food sciences.

You will find four broad areas of specialization within Agricultural Science : Food Science, Plant Science, Soil Science and Animal Science.

Many food scientists work on developing new and improved ways of preserving, processing, packaging, storing, and delivering food to consumers according to industry and governmental standards and regulations.

Others conduct basic research designed to discover new food sources; analyze food content to determine levels of vitamins, fat, sugar, or protein; or search for substitutes for harmful or undesirable additives and preservatives.

The information gathered by food science research is then used by food technologists for product development and enhancement.

The second area of specialization is plant science. Plant scientists work in the fields of agronomy (the scientific management of soil and the production of crops), environmental science, plant breeding, and entomology (the study of insects).

Some plant scientists conduct research that is used by the food, feed, and fiber industries to increase productivity and yield, while simultaneously maintaining the environment and conserving our natural resources, Others use biotechnology to study ways of improving the nutritional value of crops and the quality of seeds used to grow them.

Entomologists are special kinds of plant scientists who examine insects and their relationship to plants. They conduct research to develop new and improved methods and technologies to control or eliminate pests.

Some entomologists also study and implement interventions that lower or eliminate the spread of insect - borne diseases.

Closely related to plant science is the field of soil science. Soil scientists are concerned with how the composition of soil impacts plant growth and how various types of soils respond to things such as fertilizers, tillage practices, and crop rotation.

Farmers then use this information to maximize land usage and promote plant growth. Since soil science and environmental science are interrelated, soil scientists often work in ecology - related jobs to ensure environmental quality and effective land use.

They are also employed in the construction industry, where they work with architects, construction companies, and landscape designers to address soil related problems such as drainage and erosion.

Institutions

• Agriculture Colleges in Andhra Pradesh (10)
• Agriculture Colleges in Arunachal Pradesh (1)
• Agriculture Colleges in Assam (1)
• Agriculture Colleges in Bihar (1)
• Agriculture Colleges in Chandigarh (1)
• Agriculture Colleges in Goa (2)
• Agriculture Colleges in Gujarat (2)
• Agriculture Colleges in Haryana (9)
• Agriculture Colleges in Himachal Pradesh (3)
• Agriculture Colleges in Jammu And Kashmir (2)
• Agriculture Colleges in Karnataka (13)
• Agriculture Colleges in Kerala (15)
• Agriculture Colleges in Madhya Pradesh (4)
• Agriculture Colleges in Maharashtra (16)
• Agriculture Colleges in Nagaland (1)
• Agriculture Colleges in New Delhi (6)
• Agriculture Colleges in Orissa (6)
• Agriculture Colleges in Punjab (1)
• Agriculture Colleges in Rajasthan (9)
• Agriculture Colleges in Sikkim (1)
• Agriculture Colleges in Tamil Nadu (10)
• Agriculture Colleges in Uttar Pradesh (20)
• Agriculture Colleges in Uttaranchal (1)
• Agriculture Colleges in West Bengal (4) 

• Placements And Prospects

  
  India's typographical diversity, variety of climate and abundant cheap labour give it a natural advantage in agriculture and teh agro-buisness. Its greatest strategic asset is land.
  India is among the largest producers of vegetables and fruits in the world and has an equally strong floriculture base. Today India's agriculture has become globalised and the idea of integrating Indian agriculture with the world economy is getting government support. India has enormous potential as an exporter of agricultural commodities ranging from mushrooms to flowers, spices, cereals, oilseeds and vegetables.
  The spurt in government support for export of agri-products has evoked considerable interest among the large business houses which have worked out agreements for technology transfer, marketing tie-ups, and management and trading contacts with leading foreign counterparts.
  Horticulture with its offshoot floriculture has become a focus of export activity. India's exports of roses, carnations, gladioli, chrysanthemums, jasmine and other tropical plants and flowers are touching new heights.
  In the field of fruits and vegetables too, India has tremendous export potential. With the commercialisation of agricultre and horticulture there are varied opportunities for salaried jobs as well as entrepreneurship. While salaried jobs with various government and private concerns provide a regular income, entrepreneurship can generate handsome profits.
  Landscapers and horticulturists are hired by hotels, health farms, and holiday resorts to beautify their surroundings. Florists and nursuries are doing lucrative business especially in the metropolitan cities. Suburban farmhouses have become important suppliers for the domestic market.
  Research openings are also increasing as research institutions gear up to accept the challenge of the export market with the combined support of the government and the corporate sector. Agricultural Research Service/National Eligibility Test Examination is conducted by the Agricultural Scientists Recruitment Board or ASRB for filling up vacancies of Scientists of the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) in the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) Institutes.
   

MCA (Master of Computer Applications) Course in India

MCA (Master of Computer Applications) is a 3 year post graduate program offered by Universities in India. The MCA course is a very good option for those who want to pursue a career in software. MCA courses offer very good job opportunities for graduates in Multinational as well as other software firms with an attractive pay packet.

Eligibility for admission to an MCA Course :

Most of the Colleges/Institutes offering MCA course needs the candidates to be a graduate in any stream with Mathematics as a subject at the plus two level.

Admission procedure for MCA:

Generally, the students has to take an entrance test for admission to an MCA program. In some institutes like IMT, Ghaziabad the candidates has to go through the process of a group discussion and an interview for getting admission. Selection will be based on the performance of the student in the written entrance test/interview/group discussion.

Different Universities conduct Entrance tests separately for MCA. The MCA entrance examinations are generally based on Mathematics and reasoning. Most of these tests are purely objective in nature. The test is generally of 2-3 hours duration. Some tests will have the system of negative marking for wrong answers.

The number of seats for the MCA Programme is very limited in all the Universities. Different colleges have different syllabi for the MCA Entrance, hence it is difficult to have an integrated approach while preparing for it. The aspirants needs to be good at Mathematics (some will be upto B.Sc level) as most of the MCA entrance papers will have questions from Mathematics and Statistics. A knowledge of computers will be also beneficial.

All India MCA Common Entrance Test (AIMCET):

There is an All India MCA Common Entrance Test organized by IIT, Roorkee. AIMCET is intended for admission on an all India basis or have seats earmarked for candidates from other states. Certain state governments (for state quota seats) and institutes (for management quota seats) have also indicated that admission to their MCA programmes will be based on the AIMCET Score.

Career Opportunities for an MCA graduate:

As today is an age of computers, a candidate with an MCA degree will have great job opportunities in top level IT companies and consultancy firms like TCS, Wipro, IBM, Oracle etc. They will have opportunities in large corporations having an in-house systems department. An MCA graduate can work for any IT company big or small as a system developer and various other roles.

MCA Specializations:

There are many fields or areas that an MCA student can specialize in the final semester or the last year of his course. Some of these areas are :

*  Systems Management

*  Systems Development

*  Systems Engineering

*  Application Software

*  Internet

*   Management Information Systems (MIS)

*  Software Development

* Troubleshooting

*  Hardware Technology

*  Networking

Other related Courses:

Some Institutes in India provide various Post Graduate Diploma Programs in Computer Applications like PGDCA, PGDIT etc which are considered equivalent to an MCA and offer good placement opportunities.

Top 10 MCA Institutes/Colleges in India :

There are many Govt. recognised colleges and institutes offering MCA programs. Top 10 institutes, eligibility criteria and the number of seats are listed below:

SNo.	Colleges/Institutes	Eligibility Criteria	Number of Seats
1.	Pune University	50% marks in Graduation	60
2.	Delhi University	50% marks in graduation and at least 2 Maths papers in graduation (or) one Maths and one Statistics or Computer Science	40
3.	J. N. U., New Delhi	50% marks in Graduation	30
4.	R.E.C. Trichy	60% marks in graduation with Math or Statistics as one paper	60
5.	MNNIT, Allahabad	Bachelors degree in  any subject & Math at +2	60
6.	B.H.U.	50% marks in graduation. Math at +2 level	30
7.	IIT Roorkee	60% marks in B.Sc/B.C.A. Maths at graduation level	30
8.	ICSE Indore	50% in graduation .Maths at +2 level	60
9.	V.J.T.I., Mumbai	55% marks in graduation. Maths at +2 level	30
10.	Jalgaon University	50% in graduation .Maths at +2 level	30

Other Reputed Institutes/Universities/Colleges offering MCA program:

In addition to the top ten, there are various other institutes of reputation offering MCA course. Some of them are listed below:

* PSG Coimbatore * REC Surathkal * REC Warangal * REC Rourkela * Vellore Engineering College * Hyderabad Central University * Thapar Institute  * Punjab University * BITS Mesra * RIT Jamshedpur * Goa University * Anna University

* H.P.Shimla University * Indraprastha University * Kurukshetra University * Madurai Kamaraj University * Pondicherry Central University * Cochin University * Nagpur University * Gujarat MCA * Andhra MCA * Mangalore University *  University of Rajasthan * GNDU Amritsar

Armed Forces In India

Indian Armed Forces have a reputation of being one of the finest in the world and offer a very challenging and Attractive career for Indian youth(both men and women). Indian armed forces, after induction, impart required training to ensure that individual becomes fully capable of handling difficult and complex situation arising in operational and administrative spheres. The services environment offers:-

• A very healthy work culture. It offers challenging and result-oriented environment and is best suited for honest and upright person to serve and as such holds the promise of bringing high social standing and honour to an individual joining the same.
• Individual becomes true nationalist and stops distinguishing individuals based on religion, cast and regional basis. It is the only career which demands and teaches supreme sacrifice for the country.
• Armed forces is a major setup, which provide reasonably good and fast career growth. Career growth in armed forces depends on performance and your skill. Certain courses entitle you to additional pay and allowances.
• Life in armed forces is regimented and it takes priority over normal life and builds up Esprit-de-Corps.

Indian armed forces render invaluable service to the nation, both in times of war and peace. Though there prime task is defending our nation against external aggression, many times it is called to restore internal strife and help in natural calamities.

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WORK

Service in Armed Forces demand spirit of adventure as well as unflinching loyalty and integrity for nation and readiness to lay down ones life for the nation when required. Work involves defending territorial, coastal and air space integrity of our country against all external and internal threats. It also involves man management of highest order, continuous development of leadership qualities of highest order and on job training to achieve required perfection for these jobs.
Nature of work in armed forces is diverse and also demands serving in most difficult terrain and weather conditions obtaining through out the country, and hence there is a need of constant physical fitness of highest order.
Service in Armed forces requires training for war in peace time in trying conditions and sacrifice and bravery of highest order to save the pride and integrity of the nation at the time of war. A brief description of works of all three branches of the Armed Forces is as follows:-

• THE INDIAN ARMY   The Indian Army is responsible for defending the territorial integrity of the country against all external aggression and internal disturbances. During war army is responsible to protect the nation against external aggression, whereas, during peace time also it provides aid to the civil authorities during natural calamities, and helps in maintenance of law and order when required. The army is mainly divided into combat arms and services. The combat arms are the infantry, the artillery, and the armoured corps, The Corps of Engineers and Corps of Signals. Whereas, services includes Army Service Corps, Army Ordnance Corps, Army Postal services, Army Medical Corps, Army education corps, Intelligence Corps and So on.
  Combat arms are responsible for actual combat, whereas, services are responsible to ensure continuous flow of required ordnance including food for men and animal, Fuel for vehicles and tanks and ammunition.
  
• THE INDIAN NAVY The Indian Navy is responsible for defending the extensive coastline of the country in times of war and peace. The navy also responsible to safeguard our maritime interests including defence of off-shore oil and gas installations, coastal shipping and fisheries rights, and to protect the vital trade links. The Navy has three main branches.
  
  • The Executive Branch which manages the navy's warships and submarines as instruments of tactical warfare. and
  • The Engineering Branch which is responsible for the maintenance and service of engineering equipment and the propulsion systems on board the ships including electrical and electronic systems, weapon systems, missiles, radar, and radio communication systems.
  • The Education Branch ensures that the officers and men are update in their technical knowledge and tactical.
• THE INDIAN AIR FORCE The Indian Air Force is responsible for the air defence of the country, ensuring both offensive and defensive roles. It is also responsible for the air defence of vital installations of strategic importance to country. The Air force is divided into three main branches .
  
  • The Flying branch includes fighter pilots who fly combat or fighter planes carrying ammunition and missiles; transport pilots who fly planes which carry men and materials, and helicopter pilots who provide air support to a moving army, or are used for para-dropping men and supplies.
  • The technical branch which includes engineering sections and is responsible for the engineering equipment and weapons systems of the air force.
  • The Administrative Branch includes all the departments that provide logistical, meteorological, educational and administrative support to the flying and technical branches.

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ENTRY

There are number of types of entries in the Armed Forces in India. basic Entry for all the three forces is through National Defence Academy (NDA). Entries are at 10+2 Level, after graduation and after professional courses(graduate /post graduate level). There are following entries to armed Forces :-

• Entry through NDA in all three wings, permanent commission, after 10+2 level through prescribed competitive examination known as National defence Academy / naval Academy Examination.
• Entry after graduation through Combined Defence Services Examination, through Indian Military Academy (IMA) Dehradun for Army, the Naval Academy, Goa for Indian Navy and the Air Force Academy, Hyderabad for Air Force as permanent Commission officer. Through Officers Training School as Short Service Commission officer.
• All three services can be joined after completion of technical education i.e. Engineering Degree, requirement of each service is different.
• Army Medical Corps, which serves all three services can be joined after completion of MBBS degree, either through Armed Forces Medical college or from any other medical College.

Eligibility:

General eligibility conditions demand that a candidate must be - a citizen of India (subjects of Bhutan, Nepal, Tibetan refugees or migrants from the rest of the Indian subcontinent with the intention of settling permanently in India can also apply). In addition, candidates must be physically fit in accordance with the prescribed physical standards. They should be unmarried males or female. There is a Women's Special Entry Scheme (officers) for women graduates in specified subjects between 19-27 years of age.

Selection Process for the National Defence Academy

• If you are between the age of 16½ - 19 and have completed the junior year of high school, you can write the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) exam which is meant for entry into the National Defence Academy (NDA). The exam is held every six months at various centers in India. Out of the 50,000 to 60,000 candidates who write the UPSC exam, only around one-third pass. Individual faring well in this exam you be called in for a Services Selection Board (SSB) interview which lasts for three to four days. In this interview they conduct medical & written tests, outdoor activity contests, personal interviews, etc. Candidates who want to join the Indian Air Force, have to take a Pilot Aptitude Test which once failed, can never be taken again. All candidates have to undergo extensive psychological examinations and meet exhaustive physical parameters to appear on the SSB merit list, from which 300 join the NDA as cadets for three years.
  NDA takes in new cadets every January & June. There are no fees to join NDA, but an individual wish to opt out, as a small percentage do, it is very expensive. An NDA drop-out has to pay the government, costs incurred in training, which are calculated by the number of weeks that have been spent at NDA.
  
  
  

• NDA Courses

  While in the NDA, a cadet earns a Bachelor Degree in Arts, Science or Computer Science, which is affiliated to the Jawaharlal Nehru University in New Delhi. The three years in the NDA are divided into 6 semesters. Five are general semesters, which every candidate has to take and in the sixth and final semester, each candidate specialises for either the Army, Navy or Air Force.
  Academics constitute around 57% of the program comprising 12 disciplines, which are 8 languages, three pure sciences, two applied sciences and four social sciences. There are also Common Service Subjects like military history, area study, service writing, leadership, para-military forces, weapons training and situational instruction.
  Also a part of the curriculum are Special Services Subjects like training in battlefield and peace-time skills and operations specific to individual streams of the Army, Navy or Air Force. There is also outdoor training which includes physical training, drill and equitation.
  After three years in the NDA, Army cadets join the Indian Military Academy at Dehra Dun, Navy cadets join the INS Tir or INS Krishna at Cochin and Air Force cadets move on to the Air Force Training Academy at Hyderabad. These courses are of 18 months duration after which, individual gets a commissioned rank.
  
  

• Graduate / Direct Entry

  Individuals between the age of 19 and 22 and having a three year Bachelor degree, can appear for the Combined Defense Services Exam (CDSC), which is held every 6 months at various centers in India. Again like the NDA process, there will be a SSB interview and a medical examination. On clearing these, individual is straight away enlisted into the Indian Military Academy (if he opts for the Army), without entering NDA, and get trained there for 18 months after which, get a commissioned rank.
  
  

• Technical Entry

  Individuals having an engineering degree, can apply for direct commission. He can directly appear for the SSB interview and medical exam. If cleared them, he will be paid a stipend by the Indian Government during his senior years. After completing the degree, you are straight away enlisted into the Air Force Training Academy in Hyderabad (if you opt for the Air Force), without entering NDA, with a commissioned rank or in Army, ie., through IMA.

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PERSONAL ATTRIBUTES REQUIRED

A good communication skills - officers need to deal with soldiers. Love for one's country ; commitment ; dedication ; perception ; the will to fight and face hardships in order to protect the nation ; an alert mind ; integrity ; flavour for discipline and adventure.

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JOB PROSPECTS

Training for the defence services automatically qualifies students to become full-fledged officers of the service to which they are appointed. They are guaranteed a job, along with all the perks and allowances, many of which continue even after retirement. Jobs in the Defence Services involve a great deal of power and authority, though there are frequent transfers. Competent officers always have a chance of being promoted to senior positions over the years.

Sports Journalism Jobs: Jobs and Careers in Sports Broadcasting - Radio, Television and Internet

"It has nothing to do with ability, nothing to do with talent; that's the problem. It's all about timing and luck." Warner Fusselle, play-by-play announcer of Major League Baseball, is attributed with this remark by author David Fischer. He was talking about getting a job in sports broadcasting.

]Bill O'Mara was in luck, being a Sportscaster when television began. He had started out in sports announcing on radio in 1939, in the Midwest. When the Gold Cup hydroplane race came to Seattle, he was there to cover it live on KING5 TV. In the 1951 powerboat race, the hydroplane Quicksilver crashed, totally disintegrated and sank to the bottom of Lake Washington, taking driver Orth Mathiot and race mechanic Thom Whittaker with her. O'Mara fell to his knees and uttered the Lord's Prayer on live television. Kay McFadden of the Seattle Times recalls, ". . . newscasters still looked and acted like regular people instead of gorgeous, implacable mannequins."

Maybe that's because Bill O'Mara is "regular people." Previously known as Bill Rhodes, he changed his name when his sponsor was the Bon Marche', now part of the Macy's store chain. The Bon's competitor in Seattle was Rhodes Department Store. From the very start, TV, like professional sports, was a commercial enterprise. 

On the other hand, O'Mara is a sports fan - the prime qualification for a sports broadcaster! Announcing the hydroplane races in Seattle, he would get so excited, fans had to keep their eyes glued to the TV, to follow what he was talking about. One race day, he was on his way to the lake when he collided with another car at an intersection near home. The driver of the other car could neither hear nor speak. Bill was frantically shouting, waving his arms, trying to explain that he had to get to the race on time. Finally, a neighbor who knew American Sign Language stepped in and got the needed information from both parties. Bill was on time for the hydro race start. Showing, again, that communication of all kinds is important.

In college football, conferences and teams often align with a sports properties management company to manage the teams' licensing, merchandising, publications and special events.

Regional networks or ESPN have TV rights for the Conferences; for instance the Pac-10 Properties TV partner is FOX Sports Net.

CSTV (part of CBS) produces coverage of more than 35 men's and women's sports through Comcast, Time Warner, Cox, Charter, ADelphia and Insight cable systems, and on DirecTV and DISH Network. In addition to cable, broadcast and satellite TV and radio, the sports programs go to pay-per-view, airlines in-flight entertainment and wireless networks. The website at www.CSTV.com and 250 official college websites associated with it offer college sports broadband news, information, scores, commentary and analysis. The national college news service, University Wire, is also a part of this sports communications network.

The Big Ten Conference is also now in the television sports business as a part owner. The Conference basketball and football games are broadcast under agreements with ABC, CBS and ESPN. The Big Ten has also recently joined with Fox Cable Networks to start a Big Ten Sports Network in 2007. They plan to air a lot of other sports, in addition to basketball and football games, in the near future.

Right now, ESPN produces over 5,000 hours a year of sports programming, covering over 65 sports - MLB, NBA, NFL, WNBA, college football, men's and women's college basketball, tennis, PGA, LPGA, the Little League World Series, the X-Games and the Great Outdoor Games.

Sports fans, if you can communicate, you can be there - making money, too! There are a variety of opportunities in television, radio and internet broadcasting.

Sportscaster is a name generally applied to on-air (or streaming audio/visual) broadcasters, originally applied to sports news reporters. Sports announcing has grown up since Harold Arlin described the moment-to-moment action of a Pittsburgh Pirates National League ballgame in 1921. Now, announcers are expected to be right on top of the game, and they're teamed up with color commentators - former players, often, these sportscasters know all the stats and all the gossip to back them up. In radio, veteran sportscasters are teamed with rookie co-hosts, opening new doors into the career. Sports talk show hosts are another way up for sportscasters who can start a good conversation, get fans involved and think fast.

Linda Cohn is doing the play-by-play for the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) in 2006 on ESPN and ESPN2, and will be ABC's host at the WNBA All-Star Game and Finals. Prior to this, she's done play-by-play announcing of LPGA golf. She's excited: "Basketball, let's face it, is one of the four major sports!" In sports news announcing for over 50 years, Jim McKay hopes that he's helped people take the coverage of sport more seriously. "I mean a serious thing rather than just simply hyping sports," he told Andrew Marchand of the New York Post recently. "In other words, to report the way you would report the news."

Here's a sampling of the different kinds of jobs out there right now for sports journalists in broadcasting:

Sports News Radio Reporter Jobs
This is an Anchor spot for a drive-time sports radio program. The reporter's job is to cover local sports and attend press conferences, report on the air, do interviews and more. Some segment production is also required. The person in this job may also end up hosting sports programs and anchoring daily newscasts. Candidates typically need at least one year of on-air experience to get a shot at these sports jobs (which you could get at a college station or internship).

Associate Producer/Shooter Jobs
This job involves research, set-up, shooting, interviewing, writing, formatting and supervising the editing of video pieces around one to six minutes in length. Must haves: "Excellent sports knowledge, good interpersonal skills and prior experience producing and shooting." One other thing: "Own camera a plus."

Sports Photographer Jobs
This is a news photographer (or videographer) position, and you have to be able to shoot and edit videotape under deadline pressure. It includes shooting sports. Expect to work nights, weekends and shift relief on short notice. What they're looking for: "An experienced self-starter with a creative eye. . . Knowledge of this market is a plus."

Talent Director Jobs
This is a job for somebody with five years of experience in sports television talent searching, coordination, negotiation and scheduling; with a broad network of contacts in broadcast talent firms, agents and representatives; and with excellent skills in communication and organization. These are some of the things you'll handle in a talent director job:

• relationships among athletes, play-by-play announcers, color analysts, talent agents and publicists
• prospective on-air talent
• contracted talent
• talent - producers liaison
• talent time off, compensation, travel and logistics
• celebrity appearances and guest assignments
• talent negotiations and deals
• contacts for music, wardrobe, movie clips, etc.
• talent involvement & schedules for SCTV special events...

While some people would say that watching golf is boring, fans of the game obviously disagree. "Amen Corner Live," a streaming online video of a recent Masters golf tournament, attracted 3.4 million viewers - for an average viewing time of over two hours each - on masters.org and CBSSportsline.com.

TVNEWSDAY asked Roger Ogden, President and CEO of the Gannett 21-station TV business, how he sees the future of TV. He foresees a multifaceted business of duopolies, digital multicast channels, websites, broadband video-on-demand and more, with local TV stations at the center. The important thing to remember is that the message is more important than the medium. Norby Williamson, ESPN and ABC Sports Executive Vice President, laments the decision to retire of Broadcaster Keith Jackson, "the great narrator skillfully articulating the drama for a captivated audience."

There are a growing number of sports broadcasting opportunities due in large part to cable and satellite television, sports talk radio, and even internet broadcasting. You may have to cut your teeth with an off-air position at first, but if you're good, then it's definitely possible to get those coveted on-air sports broadcasting jobs.